In 1733, General James Ogelthorpe founded the colony of Georgia and established the town of Savannah, seventeen miles upstream from where the Savannah River meets the open Atlantic Ocean. Early on, Ogelthorpe realized the importance of a marker on Tybee Island at the mouth of the river and ordered a ninety-foot, wooden structure erected there. After construction on the tower had started, Ogelthorpe became upset at the lack of progress being made and jailed the head carpenter, threatening to hang him. The carpenter’s crew pled for his life, promising they could complete the tower in five more weeks. During the next sixteen days, they accomplished more than they had in the previous sixteen months. Apparently, government contractors earned their reputation centuries ago. The tower, used as a daymark for vessels entering the river, was completed in 1736.

Tybee Island Lighthouse with 1867-1887 daymark Photograph courtesy National Archives

Unfortunately, the tower collapsed during a storm in 1741, but a replacement tower was already in place the following year. The new structure, built of stone and wood by Thomas Sumner, was ninety-four-feet-tall and topped with a thirty-foot flagpole. The encroaching sea cut short the life of the second tower, and a third tower was erected farther from the shoreline in 1773.

The third tower rose to a height of 100 feet, was constructed of brick with wooden stairs and landings, and makes up the bottom section of the current Tybee Island Lighthouse. After Georgia ratified the Constitution in 1790, the tower was ceded to the federal government. In 1792, a fire heavily damaged the upper portion of the lighthouse and lantern room. President George Washington directed that a “plain stair case” be used in repairing the tower rather than a more expensive “hanging stair case.” John Armour was hired to do the necessary masonry work and Adrianus Van Deune the carpentry work. Samuel Wheeler, a blacksmith in Philadelphia, fabricated a new lantern room, with a diameter of ten feet, for the lighthouse. Candles with reflectors were first used atop the tower before being replaced with whale oil lamps.

A fifty-foot tower was built seaward of the lighthouse in 1822, and an array of lamps in the shorter tower paired with those in the main tower functioned as a range light. As American lighthouses adopted the use of Fresnel lenses, Tybee Lighthouse received a second-order lens in 1857, while the front light was given a fourth-order lens. Now, instead of having to tend multiple lamps, the keepers were responsible for just a single lamp in each tower. The efficient Fresnel lens, with the single lamp at its center, greatly increased the range of the lights.

In 1861, during the War Between the States, Confederate forces abandoned Tybee Island for the safer confines of Fort Pulaski on Cockspur Island, roughly two miles upriver. Before retreating, the troops removed the lens and set fire to the lighthouse, burning the wooden stairs and landings. Union soldiers occupied Tybee Island and bombarded Fort Pulaski with newly developed rifled Parrot guns, prompting the surrender of the fort in just thirty hours.

In 1866, after the end of the war, a reconstruction crew began work on the lighthouse, using $20,000 appropriated by Congress on April 7, 1866 and another $34,443 provided the following year. Work was progressing well until federal troops arrived on the island bringing with them cholera. The foreman and four workers died from the disease, prompting the remaining workers to flee the site. A replacement crew was brought in to complete the work. Only the bottom sixty feet of the 1773 tower was salvageable, and on this base an additional ninety-four feet of tower was added, bringing the total height to 154 feet. A new, fireproof cast-iron staircase with 178 treads formed the spine of the lighthouse, and a first-order Fresnel lens was placed in the lantern room. The all-white structure, flanked by new keeper’s dwellings, displayed its fixed white light for the first time on October 1, 1867, along with a new fourth-order beacon light displayed from atop a fifty-foot skeletal tower.

Tybee Island Lighthouse with 1887-1914 daymark

According to reports by the Lighthouse Board, Tybee Island Lighthouse sustained significant damage during a hurricane in 1871. Five faces of the octagonal tower exhibited dangerous cracks, and the Board requested $50,000 to commence building a new tower as it was considered impractical to repair the existing one, which was described as being unsafe. Money never was provided for replacing the main light, but on March 3, 1877, Congress allocated $3,000 for replacing the frame beacon, which had been moved twice since its completion in 1867, with a stouter iron tower. A new residence for the head keeper was built in 1881, and the illuminant for the lighthouse was changed from lard oil to kerosene in 1884. A new dwelling had to be built for the first assistant keeper in 1885 to replace one destroyed by fire, and that same year a galvanized wire screen was placed around the lantern room to protect it from birds.

In 1886, an earthquake, a rare occurrence for the east coast, struck the area. The Annual Report of the Lighthouse Board for 1887 summarized the damage to Tybee Island Lighthouse:

The earthquake of last August extended the cracks that have been observed in this tower for several years and made some new ones, but not to any dangerous extent. The lens was displaced and the attachments to its upper ring were broken. The damage was repaired without delay. The entrance for which these lights made a range … is gradually moving to the southward and in January last it became necessary to move the front beacon 98 feet in that direction. At the same time the base of the tower, which was previously whitewashed, was made black to afford a better background for the white front beacon. The front of the latter was, in addition, filled in with corrugated sheet-iron to increase its size.

Battery Garland, a part of Fort Screven, was built east of the between 1898 and 1899, and in 1901, the Lighthouse Board noted that the firing of heavy guns at the battery was bringing down the plastering in the principal keeper’s dwelling. Ceiling boards, finished in hard oil, were installed in the dwelling instead of the plaster.

Frederick H. Bruggeman began his lightkeeping career as an assistant at Little Cumberland Island in 1901. After five years there, he was promoted to head keeper of the Hilton Head Range Lights, and in 1913, he was transferred to Hunting Island Lighthouse. Not long after Bruggeman started his service at Hunting Island, he and Franz Traugott, head keeper at Tybee Island, began talking about swapping stations. Permission for the exchange was granted in early 1914, on the condition that the two keepers cover their own moving expenses.

Tybee Island Lighthouse with 1916-1965 daymark Photograph courtesy U.S. Coast Guard

World War I commenced just months after Keeper Bruggeman began his service at Tybee Island, but it would be another three years before the United States entered the conflict. Three days after the United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, the commanding officer of Fort Screven sent a letter to his superiors informing them that Keeper Bruggeman was “of German descent, and of possibly German affiliations,” and stating that it would be a “wise precaution” to have him replaced “by some person of known loyalty” as the lighthouse was “conveniently located for the transmission of signals to hostile vessels, or false signals to friendly vessels.”

As part of their Oath of Office, lighthouse keepers swore to “support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic,” but during times of war, it is easy to question a person’s allegiances. The local lighthouse inspector conceded that Bruggeman’s parents and wife had been born in Germany, but felt that the keeper could be trusted due to his years of faithful service and favorable reputation. Just two weeks earlier, on March 23, 1917, the district superintendent had “sounded the keeper in regard to his attitude in the present crisis” and came away convinced that he was a loyal citizen. The Lighthouse Service agreed to transfer Bruggeman to another station if the commander of Fort Screven so desired, but noted that the move would require a lighthouse tender, which could be assigned to duty with the Navy and War Department at any time.

Though the two assistants had made statements questioning the Bruggemans’ loyalty, Keeper Bruggeman retained his position as head keeper of Tybee Island Lighthouse. A military guard was stationed in the lighthouse at all times during the war as a precautionary measure. Keeper Bruggeman retired in 1931 at the mandatory retirement age of seventy, after seventeen years at Tybee Island and nearly thirty in the Lighthouse Service. When Frederick Bruggeman passed away in 1938, Daniel Roper, Secretary of Commerce, sent a letter to William Bruggeman stating that his father’s “long and honorable service” should be a source of comfort to the family.

Electricity reached Tybee Island Lighthouse in 1933, replacing kerosene as the light source, and the staff at the lighthouse was reduced to just one keeper, George Jackson, who served until his death in 1948. The Coast Guard, who took control of the tower in 1939, occupied the station buildings until 1987, when they moved to a modern facility on Cockspur Island.

Otho O. Brown became officer- in-charge of Tybee Island Lighthouse in 1962, and after two years at the station, he was paid a visit by Admiral Stephens, who had come to make an unannounced inspection. During Brown’s time at the lighthouse, he had put the station in sparkling condition. The masonry tower was completely scraped and repainted, inside and out, and Brown had participated in the development of a new prototype Light Attendant Station boat. Admiral Stephens commented to Brown, “your leadership, initiative and enterprise are considered of the highest degree and your performance of duty is considered ideal.” That was the first time the Admiral had used the word “ideal” to describe a man’s performance of duty.

Tybee Island Lighthouse with 1970-1999 daymark Photograph courtesy U.S. Coast Guard

In 1998, Tybee Island Lighthouse underwent a major restoration after Tybee Island Historical Society had spent twelve years raising the nearly half a million dollars needed for the project. International Chimney Corporation of Buffalo, New York served as general contractor, and Scottish masons, Irish painters, and local craftsmen were recruited to work on the lighthouse. From 1970 through 1998, the top half of the lighthouse was black and the bottom portion was white. When the lighthouse was painted as part of the restoration, the top and bottom portions of the lighthouse were painted black and the middle section white. The lighthouse had sported this particular daymark for more time than any other (from 1916 to 1964).

Following the renovation of the lighthouse in 1998-99, the head keeper’s house was restored in 2000-01, the first assistant’s dwelling was renovated in 2003-04, and from 2005-08 attention was placed on the second assistant'’s house, which was converted into a lecture hall, art gallery and audio-visual space.

The tireless efforts of Tybee Island Historical Society were rewarded in 2002 when they received ownership of the station under the National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act. The lighthouse was appropriately one of the first to be transferred under the act. Visitors to Tybee Island Lighthouse today are treated to one of America’s most complete and well-maintained light stations. The five-acre site is home to the lighthouse, a head keeper’s house built in 1881, a first assistant’s house built in 1885, a second assistant’s house built in 1861, a summer kitchen built in 1812, an oil house built in 1890 to house the volatile kerosene fuel, and a garage built in the 1930s.

The lighthouse is still active, illuminating the skies above Tybee Island nightly with its first-order lens.

Keepers:

• Head: Ichabod Higgins (1791 – at least 1792), Isam Clay (1800 – 1803), John Jamieson (1803 – 1804), Isam Clay (1804 – 1810), James Cranton (1810 – 1811), James McAnnully (1811 – 1816), Henry McKay (1816 – 1817), Henry Cragg (1817 – 1834), Patrick Ramsbottom (1835 – at least 1836), James King (at least 1837 – at least 1839), William T. Baker (1840 – 1851), James King (1851 – 1852), William Robbins (1852 – 1853), Dennis Holland (1853 – 1854), Edward Styles (1854 – 1865), Allen Cullen (1865), James Webster (1865 – 1866), Richard Larye (1866 – 1868), William H. Cohen (1868 – 1870), William Hunt (1870), George Sickel (1870 – 1873), Patrick Comer (1873), H. William Reed (1873 – 1875), Thomas Bergen (1875), Fred W. Symons (1875 – 1876), James McBride (1876 – 1877), Patrick Egan (1877 – 1881), Andrew Anderson (1881 – 1882), William O’Reilly (1882 – 1888), Peter Jacob (1888 – 1900), John S. Evans (1900 – 1901), Hans Thorkildsen (1901 – 1906), Thorwald Danielsen (1906 – 1907), Franz Traugott (1907 – 1914), Frederick H. Bruggeman (1914 – 1931), William Lindquist (1931 – 1933), George B. Jackson (1933 – 1947), Otho O. Brown (1955), Francis Woodward (1958 – at least 1959), Otho O. Brown (1962 – 1964).
• First Assistant: Emanuel Williams (1857 – at least 1860), James Keane (1867 – 1868), George F. Manchester (1868 – 1870), Mrs. Francis Sickel (1870 – 1873), W.R. Fraser (1873), Hiram Perkins (1873 – 1874), Thomas Bergen (1874 – 1875), John Johnson (1875), Revennah G. Adams (1875 – 1876), Peter B. Finney (1876), John A. Patterson (1876), Henry E. Forsyth (1876 – 1877), John Johnson (1877 – 1878), James Keane (1878 – 1879), James R. Bashlor (1879 – 1880), Fred S. Cissell (1880 – 1881), Cornelius B. Doty (1881), Isaac Bird (1881), John Kane (1881 – 1882), William O’Reilly (1882), William McP. Christie (1882 – 1884), Peter Jacob (1884 – 1888), Peter Rasmusson (1888 – 1895), John S. Evans (1895 – 1900), Henry W. Bond (1900 – 1903), James E. Swan (1903 – 1905), Thorwald Danielsen (1905 – 1906), John H. Minges (1906 – 1910), Scudday W. Sullivan (1910 – 1912), John A. Robertson, Jr. (1912 – ), Scudday W. Sullivan (at least 1913 – at least 1917), Charles Seabrook (1918 – 1919), William Lindquist (1919 – 1931), George B. Jackson (1931 – 1933), Jennings B. Coram (at least 1940).
• Second Assistant: George Davis (1857 – at least 1859), Edward Payne (1867 – 1869), Mrs. M.L. Cohen (1869 – 1870), Emma A. Manchester (1870), William Sickel (1870 – 1871), John Hayes (1871), Peter J. Harford (1871 – 1872), Robert Bolin (1872 – 1873), James E. Beasley (1873), Bridget Comer (1873), Thomas Bergen (1873 – 1874), William H. Smith (1874 – 1875), William Miller (1875), Fred W. Symons (1875), Revennah G. Adams (1875), Peter B. Finney (1875 – 1876), John A. Patterson (1876), Asbury A. Stokes (1876), Cornelius Sullivan (1876 – 1877), George P. Wood (1877), James Splain (1877), John F. Eagan (1877 – 1878), Peter Rowland (1878), James Keane (1878), John J. Connolly (1878), Michael J. Egan (1878), Hugh Smith (1878), Richard Owen (1878 – 1879), Edward Daniels (1879), James R. Bashlor (1879), Zenos L. Bashlor (1879 – 1880), Charles W. Fix (1880 – 1881), Isaac Bird (1881), Augustus P. Sanders (1881), Algernon S. Worth (1882), William Campbell (1882 – 1884), Nels Nelson (1884), Peter Jacobs (1884), Joseph J. Knight (1885 – 1887), Peter Rasmusson (1887 – 1888), David G. Patton (1888), John S. Evans (1888 – 1895), Henry W. Bond (1895 – 1900), Edward A. Wright (1900 - 1901), William P. Hogan (1901 – 1902), Theo. S. Johansen (1902 – 1903), Lewis H. Bringloe (1903 – 1904), Edward B. Magwood (1904 – 1905), James Smith (1905 – 1906), Charles C. Armour (1906 – 1907), Scudday W. Sullivan (1907 – 1909), John L. King (1909 – 1910), Reinhard Heisser (1910 – 1912), Joseph Grisillo (1913 – ), Milton P. Goodwin ( – 1914), Pinckney L. Whiteley (1914 – at least 1917), William L. Bruggeman (at least 1920 – at least 1921).

Photo Gallery: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

References

1. Annual Report of the Lighthouse Board, various years.
2. The Historic Tybee Island Museum and Light Station, Informational Pamphlet.
3. “The Lighthouses of Georgia,” Buddy Sullivan, The Keeper’s Log, Spring 1988.
4. Georgia’s Lighthouses and Historic Coastal Sites, Kevin McCarthy, 1998.

From Interstate 516 in Savannah (just south of Interstate 16), take Highway 80/26 East for about 19 miles to Tybee Island. At the first stop light on the island, turn left onto Campbell Avenue. When Campbell Avenue ends take a left onto Van Horn Street and then a right onto Meddin Drive. Follow Meddin Drive to the north side of Tybee Island Lighthouse where there is public parking.

Tybee Island Lighthouse is open every day, except Tuesday, from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. The lighthouse is also closed on St. Patrick's Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day. For more information, call (912) 786-5801.

The lighthouse is owned by the Tybee Island Historical Society. Grounds/dwelling/tower open.

Find the closest hotels to Tybee Island Lighthouse

Kraig writes:

Located just seaward of Tybee Island Lighthouse is Battery Garland of Fort Screven, which is now home to the Tybee Island Museum. Besides being a great place from which to photograph the lighthouse, the museum contains numerous exhibits detailing the history of Tybee Island. Fort Screven was built for the Spanish American War and was used until the end of World War II.

Tybee Island Lighthouse appears in the opening scenes of the movie The General's Daughter. There are a couple of shots of the lighthouse, sporting an earlier daymark and in need of a new paint job. Right after the second shot of the lighthouse, they cut to a view of a clam-shell lens revolving in a lantern room. This clearly isn't the lens at Tybee Island as it is a fixed, first-order lens. I'm quite certain the lens shot was filmed at Point Vicente in California. The lighthouse can also be seen in the 2010 movie The Last Song.

Marilyn writes:

We loved this lighthouse! We spent so much time there both day and night that we could be docents. Seriously, it is worth the visit at night too. The fort is very cool too, but those people must have been darn short which didn't work well for me and barely did for Joanne.